ppt课件-mass casualty situations（大规模伤亡情况）.pptVIP

* Occupants Location Within a Building In several past earthquakes in the United States and in other countries, the location of people at the time of the earthquakes impact has been shown to be an important determinant of morbidity. For example, the morbidity and mortality rate was significantly greater for people who were indoors than for those who were outdoors when earthquake shaking began (33,65,76,83). Furthermore, occupants of upper floors of multistory buildings have been observed to fare less well than ground-floor occupants. For example, in Armenia, there was a significant dose-response increase in risk for injury associated with the building floor people were on at the moment of the earthquake. People on the second to the fourth floor at the time of the earthquake were 3.84 times more likely to be injured than those on the first floor, and those on the fifth floor and higher were 11.20 times more likely to be injured (65). Four out of five deaths in the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in motor vehicles on public roadways (14). As in nonearthquake situations, where motor vehicles account for more than half of unintentional injury deaths (84), occupants of motor vehicles appear to have a special risk of fatal injury in an earthquake. As mentioned above, in the Loma Prieta earthquake, a single circumstance, the collapse of the Cypress Viaduct of Interstate 880 in Oakland, accounted for 40 of 62 total earthquake-related deaths. * Such victims actually accounted for 16% of the total number of deaths (6). Other anecdotal reports suggest the efficacy of moving to a protected area such as a doorway or under a desk. Clearly, the behavior of occupants during and immediately after an earthquake has been inadequately studied (87,88). From the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, anecdotal reports of little islands of concrete slab perched on the tops of childrens school desks while the rest of the ceiling had collapsed to the floor suggest that earthquake drills mig