ppt课件-presentation- aalto（表示,阿尔托）.pptVIP

Summary Important parameters: NA: numerical aperture (angle of acceptance) V: normalized frequency parameter (number of modes) lc: cut-off wavelength (single-mode guidance) D: dispersion (pulse broadening) Multimode fiber Used in local area networks (LANs) / metropolitan area networks (MANs) Capacity limited by inter-modal dispersion: typically 20 Mb/s x km for step index and 2 Gb/s x km for graded index Single-mode fiber Used for short/long distances Capacity limited by dispersion: typically 150 Gb/s x km * The first commercial fiber optic installation was in for telephone signals in Chicago, installed in 1976. The first long distance networks were operational in the early 1980s. By 1985, most of todays basic technology was developed and being installed in the fiber optic networks that now handle virtually all long distance telecommunications. FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 10 * That tiny strand of optical fiber can carry more communications signals than the large copper cable in the background and over much longer distances. The copper cable has about 1000 pairs of conductors. Each pair can only carry about 24 telephone conversations a distance of less than 3 miles. The fiber cable carries more than 32,000 conversations hundreds or even thousands of miles before it needs regeneration. Then each fiber can simultaneously carry over 150 times more by transmitting at different colors (called wavelengths) of light. The cost of transmitting a single phone conversation over fiber optics is only about 1% the cost of transmitting it over copper wire! That’s why fiber is the exclusive medium for long distance communications. * About the only place fiber has not become the dominant cable is desktop connections for LANs. Priced to just replace copper, it is more expensive, but using a centralized fiber architecture, fiber allows the removal of electronics from the telecom room and ends up being less expensive! FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 10 * Optical fibe