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* * * * * * * * * Chapter 28 Special Relativity 28.1 Events and Inertial Reference Frames An event is a physical “happening” that occurs at a certain place and time. To record the event, each observer uses a reference frame that consists of a coordinate system and a clock. Each observer is at rest relative to her own reference frame. An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton’s law of inertia is valid. 28.1 Events and Inertial Reference Frames In this example, the event is the space shuttle lift off. 28.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity THE postulates OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY The Relativity Postulate. The laws of physics are the same in every inertial reference frame. The Speed of Light Postulate. The speed of light in a vacuum, measured in any inertial reference frame, always has the same value of c, no matter how fast the source of light and the observer are moving relative to one another. 28.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity 28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation TIME DILATION A light clock 28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation An observer on the earth sees the light pulse travel a greater distance between ticks. 28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation Time dilation 28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation Example 1 Time Dilation The spacecraft is moving past the earth at a constant speed of 0.92 times the speed of light. the astronaut measures the time interval between ticks of the spacecraft clock to be 1.0 s. What is the time interval that an earth observer measures? 28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation 28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation PROPER TIME INTERVAL The time interval measured at rest with respect to the clock is called the proper time interval. In general, the proper time interval between events is the time interval measured by an observer who is at rest relative to the events. Proper time interval 28.4 The Relativity of Length: Length Contraction The shortening of the distance between tw