ppt课件-4. georeferencing- u c santa barbara geography（4所示。运用c - u圣芭芭拉分校地理）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-4. georeferencing- u c santa barbara geography（4所示。运用c - u圣芭芭拉分校地理）.ppt

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GISS 2001 Longley, Goodchild. Maguire and Rhind Lecture 4: Georeferencing Georeferencing ‘To georeference’ ? the act of assigning locations to atoms of information Is essential in GIS, since all information must be linked to the Earth’s surface The method of georeferencing must be: Unique, linking information to exactly one location Shared, so different users understand the meaning of a georeference Persistent through time, so today’s georeferences are still meaningful tomorrow Uniqueness A georeference may be unique only within a defined domain, not globally There are many instances of Springfield in the U.S., but only one in any state The meaning of a reference to London may depend on context, since there are smaller Londons in several parts of the world Georeferences as Measurements Some georeferences are metric They define location using measures of distance from fixed places E.g. distance from the Equator or from the Greenwich Meridian Others are based on ordering E.g. street addresses in most parts of the world order houses along streets Others are only nominal Placenames do not involve ordering or measuring Metric references Essential to the making of maps and the display of mapped information in GIS Provide the potential for infinitely fine spatial resolution (provided we have sufficiently accurate measuring devices) From measurements of two or three locations it is possible to compute distances Georeferencing systems Placenames Postal addresses and postal codes Linear referencing systems Cadastres Latitude and longitude Projections and coordinate systems The Global Positioning System Placenames The earliest form of georeferencing And the most commonly used in everyday activities Many names of geographic features are universally recognized Others may be understood only by locals Names work at many different scales From continents to small villages and neighborhoods Names may pass out of use in time Where was Naples, CA? Postal Addresses and Postcodes Ever