+四级重点语法及句式.docVIP

重点语法1虚拟语气 英语中一共有三种语气：陈述语气，祈使语气，虚拟语气。虚拟语气是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，是讲话人在主观上而不是客观上对事物的看法和态度，表达的是假设、愿望、建议、命令、祝福等。虚拟语气可用于条件状语从句、名词性从句（宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、以及其他结构中。虚拟语气的运用很大程度上和其所在的句型有关。 1) 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 英语中的条件句主要有两类：真实条件句和虚拟条件句。在虚拟条件句中，主句与从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，具体体现在以下几个方面： (1) If虚拟条件句 这是虚拟语气的基本用法。If虚拟条件句中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式可列表如下： 假设类型 条件从句的谓语动词形式 主句的谓语动词形式 与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be多用were） would (should/ could/might) +动词原形 与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would (should/ could/might) + have+过去分词 与将来事实相反 动词一般过去式 were to+动词原形 would (should/ could/might) +动词原形 ① 与现在事实相反 If he were here, everything would be all right. ② 与过去事实相反 If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14％would have risen still further. ③ 与将来事实相反 It is said Tom will go to an interview tomorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I would ask him to go to your place. If he were here this evening, he might be able to help. (2) 错综时间虚拟语气(主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气) 有时条件从句中动作发生的时间与主句中动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如： ① 从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反 If I had worked harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. ② 从句与现在事实相反，主句与将来事实相反 If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. (3) 虚拟条件句的倒装形式 在虚拟条件句中，如果省略if, 从句要用倒装形式，即把谓语助动词had, were, should, could 等提前至句首，其他词序不变，例如： ① 与现在事实相反 Were you (=If you were ) free to choose among all the cars available today，what type of automobile would you buy? ② 与过去事实相反 The millions of calculations involved, had they (= if they had) been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished. ③ 与将来事实相反 Were he (=If he were) to start out today, he would get there by Thursday. (4) 含蓄虚拟条件句 在表示假设的虚拟语气中，有时假设的条件并不以条件从句的形式表达，而是通过上下文或句中内在的逻辑关系，或用其它形式表达出来，我们称之为含蓄虚拟条件句。常见的用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的词有：but for, but that，without, otherwise, or, under more favorable conditions, given等。例如： But for/Without your help, we wouldn’t have accomplished the task on time. He hadn’t had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn’t have fainted out at work. Given more time, we could