presentation of English speech重点.ppt

2. 组织结构一定要清楚而严密 Proposition: The local government should take strict measures to punish those chemical plants which emptied many pollutants into the local river. Firstly, it is true that those chemical plants emptied many pollutants into the local river.(claim of fact) Secondly, it’s wrong for them to do so because these pollutants are harmful. (claim of value) Thirdly, the local government therefore should take some strict measures to punish those chemical plants for doing so and these measures have proved to be effective. (claim of policy) 首先，证明这件事是存在的、真实的； 其次，说明这些污染物是有害的。 然后，地方政府需要措施解决这个问题， 而且这些措施证明是可行、有效的。 这几个层次与辩论和说服性演讲中三个最基本的概念紧密相连的，即事实判断(claim of fact)、价值判断 (claim of value)以及政策判断(claim of policy). 事实判断是指一件事是否真实，但请注意它涉及的时间范围比较广，可以指过去发生的事，也可能是对现在或将来发生的事所做出的一种判断。 如：Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in shooting President Kennedy. (the past) Growing up in a single parent family is harmful to children. (the present) There will be another war in the Middle East in the near future. (the future) 价值判断指的是对某种行为、想法或概念的判断，它们是好的、公平的，还是错误的、有害的等等。 如：Yoga is the best kind of exercise. Cloning is wrong. Deng Xiaoping is a great person. 政策判断指的是是否应该采取某项措施。 如：Vehicle acquisition tax should be greatly raised. We should donate organs to the people who are in great need after we die. 3. 避免犯一些逻辑错误。 My sisters don’t like sports. My girl friend doesn’t like sports either. So all girls don’t like sports. 仓促概括型。 Violence among teenagers is caused by TV violence. 错误原因型。 Since you are good at playing tennis, you must be good at playing badminton.错误类比型。 We’ll either have to invest more in the factory or the workers will all get laid-off. 非此即彼型。 There is no need for me to bike with a helmet. Everyone bikes without wearing such a helmet. 从众型。 Why are we here talking about animal rights since there are so many people suffering from starvation.转移注意型。 Since he is a dropout, how could he complete such a huge project successfully?人身攻击型。 * 去除PPT模板上的--无忧PPT整理发布的文字 首先打开PPT模板，选择视图，然后选择幻灯片母版