unit12 topo maps（unit12威尼斯平底渔船地图）.docVIP

Practice Problems Problem W12.1. Where Are You? (Latitude and Longitude) A primary purpose of any map is to establish the location of a point so it may be found at a later time. The most efficient way to establish a location on a map is to use a system of grid lines. These intersect at right angles, like a net or screen laid over the map. U.S. topographic maps use several grid systems. Each has its advantages. But we will work only with the two in most common use: Latitude/longitude. This grid system is used worldwide. For its starting points, the system uses the Equator (0( latitude) and Prime Meridian (0( longitude). Township and range. This system is unique to the United States and is used to designate land ownership, mostly in the West, Midwest, and South. Materials globe Procedure 1. Latitude. On the globe, find the rings that run roughly horizontal. These are the lines of latitude, which are imaginary rings around the Earth. Latitude lines are all parallel to one another, both north and south of the Equator (Figure W12.1). (It may help you to think “flatitude” because latitude lines appear “flat” or horizontal on a globe or map when north is at the top.) 2. For numbering the lines of latitude, the Equator is the starting point: 0° latitude. Lines of latitude increase from 0° at the Equator through 10(, 20(, etc., to 90° at the North Pole. They also increase from 0° to 90° southward to the South Pole. (This is confusing until you get used to it—again, look at the globe.) 3. Longitude. On the globe, find the rings that run roughly vertically around the globe. These are the lines of longitude, which also form imaginary rings around Earth. They all run north-south, passing through both the North Pole and the South Pole. 4. Find 0° longitude. This is called the Prime Meridian, and it passes through Greenwich, England. (Why it passes through Greenwich is a fascinating story too long to tell here. But the 0( north-south li