Chap收入与歧视经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语.pptVIP

Earnings and Discrimination收入与歧视 Chapter 19 Differences in Earnings in the U.S. Today当前美国的收入差距 The typical physician earns about $200,000 a year. 普通医生一年赚到20万美元左右。 The typical police officer earns about $50,000 a year. 普通警官一年赚到5万美元左右。 The typical farm worker earns about $20,000 a year. 普通农业工人一年赚到2万美元左右。 What causes earnings to vary so much?什么原因造成个人收入差距如此之大？ Wages are governed by labor supply and labor demand. 工资由劳动供给与劳动需求决定。 Labor demand reflects the marginal productivity of labor. 劳动需求反映了劳动的边际生产率。 What causes earnings to vary so much?什么原因造成个人收入差距如此之大？ In equilibrium, each worker is paid the value of his or her marginal contribution to the economy’s production of goods and services. 在均衡时，每个工人都得到了他对经济中物品与劳务生产的边际贡献的价值。 Some Determinants of Equilibrium Wages决定均衡工资的若干因素 Compensating differentials 补偿性差别工资 Human capital 人力资本 Ability, effort, and chance 能力、努力和机遇 Signaling 信号 The superstar phenomenon 超级明星现象 Compensating Differentials Compensating differentials refer to differences in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs. Coal miners are paid more than others with similar levels of education. Night shift workers are paid more than day shift workers. Professors are paid less than lawyers and doctors. 补偿性差别工资 补偿性差别工资 是指不同工作的非货币特性所引起的工资差别。 煤矿工人得到的工资高于其他有相似教育水平的工人。 夜班工人的工资高于同类白班工人。 教授的工资低于受教育时间大致相同的律师和医生。 Human Capital 人力资本 Human capital is the accumulation of investments in people. 人力资本——对人的教育和在职培训投资的积累。 The most important type of human capital is education. 最主要的人力资本是教育。 Human Capital Education represents an expenditure of resources at one point in time to raise productivity in the future. By the year 2000, a man with a college degree earned more than 89 percent more than without one. Women showed a 70 percent increase in earnings due to a college degree. 人力资本 教育代表着为了提高未来生产率而在某一时点的资源支出。 2000年，一个有大学学位的男人的平均收入比没有大学学位的男人多89％。对于妇女来说，上大学的报酬高出70％。 Table 1 Average Annual Earnings by Educational