国际市场营销学（原书第15版）教学课件作者（美）菲利普R.凯特奥拉(PhilipR.CateorChap011课件.ppt

Two major villains: First, Japan’s long entrenched liberal democratic political party – a one party sickness brought on by a 40-year hardening of political arteries. Second, Hidebound Japanese Bureaucracy – Japanese Bureaucracy controlled its elected politicians. Opening Side * The lack of a national goal for Japan plagued them after successfully building themselves from the ruins of World War II. The Japanese management culture such as, lifetime employment, job promotion based not on merit but on length of service, reciprocal contractor/subcontractor loyalties, hindered their adjustment to the new economic era. Japan is expected to continue its slow-growth economy into the second decade of the 21st century; Toyota’s 2010 quality problems may have disrupted its contributions to the Japanese economy. Opening Side * India’ s traditional insular policies, import substitution, and aversion to free trade has constrained its growth. While other Asian countries were wooing foreign capital, India was doing its best to keep it out. However, times have changed. India’s five -point agenda: Improving the investment climate, Developing a comprehensive WTO strategy, Reforming agriculture, food processing, an small-scale industry, Eliminating red tape, and Instituting better corporate governance. Opening Side * The following steps have already been taken: Privatizing state-owned companies ; reducing stake to about 51%, Recasting the telecom sector’s regulatory authority and demolishing the monopolies enjoyed by SOEs (State Owned Enterprises), Signing a trade agreement with the U.S. to lift all quantitative restrictions on imports, Maintaining momentum in the reform of the petroleum sector, and planning the opening of domestic long-distance phone services, housing, and real estate and retail trading sectors to foreign direct investment. Opening Side * India still presents a difficult business environment. Here are some examples: Tariffs are well above those of developing world