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Maternal Nutrition and Diabetes Diabetes Care at the Centre October 2009 Developmental Origins of Adult Diseases Paradigm Dietary changes from a hunter gatherer to Agriculture based diet How can intergenerational change effect epigenetic change? Dutch hunger winter studies – grandchildren of the women pregnant during the famine still showed effects of the famine. Born small – small uterus constrains growth of next fetus Female eggs in a woman’s ovaries formed and start developing when she is still a fetus – thus grandmothers environment shapes early development Mitochondrial DNA – responsible for making some of the proteins essential for the energy maintenance of all cells comes solely from the maternal line via the mitochondria in the egg, and not via the sperm (DNA transmitted directly from the grandmother to the granddaughter – grandchildren can’t control the availability of food in their environment but they can be induced to alter their metabolism to make the best use of it)– Epigenetics – gene environment interactions Epigenetics – gene environment interactions Mismatch model of chronic disease The thrifty phenotype Cycles of disease risk Endocrine regulation of Fetal Growth Major Outcomes Smoking and Pregnancy Community Feedback 2009 (Cairns, Townsville, Perth) 21st – 23rd October 2009 Metabolic Syndrome in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Birth (Am J Epidemiology 2009;170:829-836) Leda Chatzi, Estel Plana, Vasiliki Daraki, Polyxeni Karakosta, Dimitris Alegkakis,Christos Tsatsanis, Antonis Kafatos, Antonis Koutis, and Manolis Kogevinas Page *: Baker IDI * Genotype Developmental disruption Birth phenotype Adult phenotype Disease risk Predictive adaptive responses Developmental plasticity Prenatal environments Postnatal environments Epigenetic change Intergenerational environmental effects Past history of population (selection, drift) Match or Mismatch Page *: Baker IDI