Part I Introduction第一部分导论.pptVIP

Hubs Physical Layer devices: essentially repeaters operating at bit levels: repeat received bits on one interface to all other interfaces Hubs can be arranged in a hierarchy (or multi-tier design), with backbone hub at its top Hubs (more) Each connected LAN referred to as LAN segment Hubs do not isolate collision domains: node may collide with any node residing at any segment in LAN Hub Advantages: simple, inexpensive device Multi-tier provides graceful degradation: portions of the LAN continue to operate if one hub malfunctions extends maximum distance between node pairs (100m per Hub) Hub limitations single collision domain results in no increase in max throughput multi-tier throughput same as single segment throughput individual LAN restrictions pose limits on number of nodes in same collision domain and on total allowed geographical coverage cannot connect different Ethernet types (e.g., 10BaseT and 100baseT) Bridges Link Layer devices: operate on Ethernet frames, examining frame header and selectively forwarding frame based on its destination Bridge isolates collision domains since it buffers frames When frame is to be forwarded on segment, bridge uses CSMA/CD to access segment and transmit Bridges (more) Bridge advantages: Isolates collision domains resulting in higher total max throughput, and does not limit the number of nodes nor geographical coverage Can connect different type Ethernet since it is a store and forward device Transparent: no need for any change to hosts LAN adapters Bridges: frame filtering, forwarding bridges filter packets same-LAN -segment frames not forwarded onto other LAN segments forwarding: how to know which LAN segment on which to forward frame? looks like a routing problem (more shortly!) Bridge Learning: example Suppose C sends frame to D and D replies back with frame to C Bridge Learning: example Bridges vs. Routers both store-and-forward devices routers: network layer devices (examine network layer headers) brid