Stephan Krashen Douglas Fleming, PhD斯蒂芬Krashen 道格拉斯Fleming博士..pptVIP

Stephen Krashen D. Fleming University of Ottawa Stephen Krashen is one of the best known applied linguists today has been severely (and often justifiably) criticized for being pseudo-scientific and simplistic his legacy has been important if only for the way he forced the field to deal with some fundamental issues and contradictions second language education can not be fully understood unless one has a grasp on how the field has tried to deal with his hypotheses. Acquisition/ Learning Hypothesis Acquisition the subconscious process involved in using language automatically in meaningful communication; exemplified by children’s use of language; instilled by meaningful and natural interaction; speakers not worried about accuracy. Learning the conscious processes involved in learning the grammar and structure of a language; instilled by decontextualised formal instruction that usually has limited meaning or usefulness; far less important than acquisition and separate from it. Monitor Hypothesis language learners monitor themselves in terms of how closely they conform to learnt models of the target language they have learnt; this is the limited role of the ‘learning system’; the monitor is the editor, which plans and corrects target language use whenever the learner has: sufficient time to activate it; the opportunity to focus on accuracy; a correct understanding of the correct structural rules involved. the role of conscious learning should be limited to correcting minor errors some learners over use the monitor, which leads them to excessively concentrate on grammatical accuracy and neglect fluency; these learners might be able to provide a compendium of grammar rules, but can not use the language for meaningful communication; they are often introverts, those with low self-confidence and perfectionists; other learners under use the monitor, leading them to be verbose but inaccurate speakers of the second language; extroverts and non-perfectionists are und