这种愉悦的客体被称为美的.pptVIP

4.2. Kant康德 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is the central figure in modern philosophy. He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy, and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields. 康德是现代哲学的中心人物。他综合楼早期现代理性主义和经验主义，为19世纪和20世纪的大多数哲学确定了术语，至今依然对形而上学、认识论、伦理学、政治哲学、美学以及其他领域发挥着重要影响。 批判哲学与三大批判 The fundamental idea of Kants “critical philosophy” — especially in his three Critiques: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781, 1787), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790) — is human autonomy. 康德“批判哲学”的基本观念——特别是其三大批判的观念是人类自治。这三大批判是《纯粹理性批判》（1781，1787），《实践理性批判》（1788）与《判断力批判》（1790）。 4.2.1 康德美学的轮廓 Although we take its existence for granted now, Kants third Critique could only have struck its original audience as a surprising and puzzling work. It was surprising, because neither the Critique of Pure Reason nor the Critique of Practical Reason had given any clue that another critique was to follow; 尽管我们认为康德的第三批判的出现是顺理成章的，但是，对于康德的最初读者而言，它既很令人惊奇，又很令人迷惑。它之所以令人惊奇，是因为无论《纯粹理性批判》还是《实践理性批判》都没有提供任何线索，暗示前两个批判之后还有另外一个批判； and it was puzzling, because the book not only gives an extended treatment to one topic, namely aesthetic experience and judgment, which Kant had previously denied could be the subject of a science (Critique of Pure Reason, A 21/B 35-6), but also links that topic with another, namely the teleological judgment of both organisms within nature and of nature as a whole, to which Kant had never before linked it. 它之所以令人迷惑，是因为这本书不仅广泛地讨论了一个论题，也就是审美体验和判断——康德以前已经否定过它能够成为科学的对象（《纯粹理性批判》 A 21/B 35-6 ）；而且它还将那个论题与另外一个论题，也就是对于自然中的有机体和自然整体的目的论判断连在一起——康德此前从来没有连接过它。 《判断力批判》美学部分的整体结构 Following the canonical model introduced into eighteenth-century aesthetics by Burke and into Germany by Mendelssohn, Kant divides the first half of the Critique of the Power of Judgment, the “Critique of