linguistics 102 phonetics.ppt

Chapter 2 Phonology Speech sounds Phonic medium of language: The totality of such sounds as are produced by humans via their speech organs and are useful in human communication; Individual sounds from among the collection are speech sounds. Phonetics Phonetics studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. “to transcribe” ? Means to transform or translate an audible but invisible sound into a visible form by means of a symbol. Phonetician, undertaking of much expertise / prowess Division of phonetics based on three stages of a speech chain:Articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics Articulatory phonetics The process of making a speech sound (the process of speech making): The air breathed in lungs the air pressed out windpipe (trachea) larynx pharynx ？ The airstream is like a mass of clay, which can be moulded into various shapes according to one’s different needs. Modifications of the air stream in making a speech sound: The larynx: voiced or voiceless via the vocal cords Passage in the nasal cavity is open or closed: nasality The greatest source of modification is found in the oral cavity: Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate Soft palate (velum) Uvula Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Adjectival forms of terms of speech organs: Larynx: laryngeal, Pharynx: pharyngeal, Glottis: glottal, Vocal cords: vocal, Mouth: oral, Tongue: lingual, Uvula: uvular, (Hard) Palate: palatal, Velum/soft palate: velar, Alveolar (Teeth Ridge) alveolar, Teeth: dental, Lip: labial, bilabial. Orthographic representation of speech sounds IPA: a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription; its basic principle. Diacritics used in English: leaf - feel / build - health: clear [l] vs. dark [l] vs. dental [l] pit - spit: aspirated [p] vs. unaspirated [p] broad vs. narrow transcription Classification of English speech so