Chapter 8 Solid States.docVIP

Chapter 8 Solid States 8-1 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids Crystal: Crystalline solids exhibit long-range order. Amorphous Solid: Crystalline solids exhibit short-range order. Crystal defects: Vacancy: Interstitial impurity: Substitution: Antisite defect: Edge dislocation: Skew dislocation: Lattice: A periodical structure of atoms. Due to the periodicity of the lattice, we have . Furthermore, and there exist several axes and planes of symmetry. Primitive vectors: Translation vector: , where =0, ±1, ±2, ±3,…. Primitive cell: The parallel hexagonal region composed of . Wigner-Seitz cell: The region bounded by bisecting line of two adjacent atoms. Reciprocal lattice: The Fourier domain of original lattice by optical diffraction or electron beam diffraction. Reciprocal lattice primitive vectors: . Translation vector in the reciprocal lattice: , where =0, ±1, ±2, ±3,…. ∵, ∴ Bragg’s diffraction law: . It implies . Let , Similarly, and Square lattice and its reciprocal lattice Hexagonal(triangular) lattice and its reciprocal lattice Brillouin Zones: Wigner-Seitz cells in the reciprocal lattice. Band diagram: Describe the relation between the energy and the momentum. In quantum mechanics, the energy of n photons is Ephoton=nhν (ω or ν), the energy of n phonons is Ephonon=(n+1/2)hν , where h is the Plank’s constant, ν is the frequency, , and ω=2πν. The downward transition of an electron between energy levels or bands may emit photons or phonons. The upward transition between energy levels or bands can absorb photons or phonons. On the other hand, quantum mechanics shows that the momentum of an electron is p=mv=h/λ, where k=2π/λ is the wavenumber of matter wave. We can depict the relation of the energy E (or ω) of electrons in a crystal versus k (or p). It is called E-k diagram or band diagram. Eg. Two examples of band diagrams. Direct bandgap: Eg. GaAs, GaxAl1-x A