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A sensitive TLRH targeted imaging technique for ultrasonic molecular imaging.pdf

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A sensitive TLRH targeted imaging technique for ultrasonic molecular imaging

0885–3010/$25.00 ? 2010 IEEE 305IEEE TransacTIons on UlTrasonIcs, FErroElEcTrIcs, and FrEqUEncy conTrol, vol. 57, no. 2, FEbrUary 2010 Abstract—The primary goals of ultrasound molecular imag- ing are the detection and imaging of ultrasound contrast agents (microbubbles), which are bound to specific vascular surface receptors. Imaging methods that can sensitively and selectively detect and distinguish bound microbubbles from freely circu- lating microbubbles (free microbubbles) and surrounding tis- sue are critically important for the practical application of ultrasound contrast molecular imaging. Microbubbles excited by low-frequency acoustic pulses emit wide-band echoes with a bandwidth extending beyond 20 MHz; we refer to this tech- nique as transmission at a low frequency and reception at a high frequency (TLRH). Using this wideband, transient echo, we have developed and implemented a targeted imaging technique incorporating a multifrequency colinear array and the Siemens Antares imaging system. The multifrequency colinear array integrates a center 5.4-MHz array, used to receive echoes and produce radiation force, and 2 outer 1.5-MHz arrays used to transmit low-frequency incident pulses. The targeted imaging technique makes use of an acoustic radiation force subsequence to enhance accumulation and a TLRH imaging subsequence to detect bound microbubbles. The radiofrequency (RF) data obtained from the TLRH imaging subsequence are processed to separate echo signatures between tissue, free microbubbles, and bound microbubbles. By imaging biotin-coated microbub- bles targeted to avidin-coated cellulose tubes, we demonstrate that the proposed method has a high contrast-to-tissue ratio (up to 34 dB) and a high sensitivity to bound microbubbles (with the ratio of echoes from bound microbubbles versus free microbubbles extending up to 23 dB). The effects of the imag- ing pulse acoustic pressure, the radiation force subsequence, and the use of vario