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Broad distribution of stick-slip events in Slowly Sheared Granular Media Table-top producti.pdf

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Broad distribution of stick-slip events in Slowly Sheared Granular Media Table-top producti

Broad Distribution of Stick-slip Events in Slowly Sheared Granular Media: Table-top Production of a Gutenberg-Richter-like Distribution Michael Bretz1*, Russell Zaretzki1,2, Stuart Field1,3, Namiko Mitarai4**, and Franco Nori1,4 1 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA 2 Department of Statistics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA 3 Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA 4Frontier Research System, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama 351- 0198, Japan ABSTRACT We monitor the stick-slip displacements of a very slowly driven moveable perforated top plate which interacts via shearing with a packing of identical glass beads confined in a tray. When driven at a constant stress rate, the distributions of large event displacements and energies triggered by the stick-slip instabilities exhibit power-law responses reminiscent of the Gutenberg-Richter law for earthquakes. Small events are quasi-size independent, signaling crossover from single bead transport to collective behavior. PACS numbers: 91.30.Px, 89.75.Da, 05.65+b Introduction.— There have been many theoretical studies (e.g., [1–5]) of the Gutenberg-Richter law [6–9] for the power-law rank-order distribution of earthquakes sizes N(≥m) which obeys Log10(N( ≥ m)) ~ a – b m. The seismic magnitude m is a logarithmic measure of event size with b in the range 0.80 to 1.06 for small events and 1.23 to 1.54 for very large ones [2]. In contrast to these many theoretical studies, only a few well-controlled laboratory experiments of sheared systems have generated event size and energy distributions [10, 11]. Thus, there is a clear need to do laboratory experiments to study these distributions in a variety of real sheared systems. Several spatial-temporal extended systems exhibit broad-tailed distributions of avalanches when very slowly driven to the threshold of inst