FEMechanics.pdfVIP

33MECHANICS OF MATERIALS UNIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN Stress-Strain Curve for Mild Steel ? The slope of the linear portion of the curve equals the modulus of elasticity. DEFINITIONS Engineering Strain ε = ?L/Lo, where ε = engineering strain (units per unit), ?L = change in length (units) of member, Lo = original length (units) of member. Percent Elongation % Elongation = L L 100 o #Dc m Percent Reduction in Area (RA) The % reduction in area from initial area, Ai, to final area, Af , is: %RA = A A A 100 i i f # -e o Shear Stress-Strain γ = τ/G, where γ = shear strain, τ = shear stress, and G = shear modulus (constant in linear torsion-rotation relationship). ,G v E 2 1 where= +^ h E = modulus of elasticity v = Poisson’s ratio, and = – (lateral strain)/(longitudinal strain). ST RE SS , P SI ST RE SS , M Pa ST RE SS , P SI ST RE SS , M Pa MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Uniaxial Loading and Deformation σ = P/A, where σ = stress on the cross section, P = loading, and A = cross-sectional area. ε = δ/L, where δ = elastic longitudinal deformation and L = length of member. E L P A AE PL = = = v f d d True stress is load divided by actual cross-sectional area whereas engineering stress is load divided by the initial area. THERMAL DEFORMATIONS δt = αL(T – To), where δt = deformation caused by a change in temperature, α = temperature coefficient of expansion, L = length of member, T = final temperature, and To = initial temperature. CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Cylindrical Pressure Vessel For internal pressure only, the stresses at the inside wall are: P r r r r Pandt i o i o i r i2 2 2 2 = - + =-v v For external pressure only, the stresses at the outside wall are: ,P r r r r Pand wheret o o i o i r o2 2 2 2 =- - + =-v v σt = tangential (hoop) stress, σr = radial stress, Pi = internal pressure, Po = external pressure, ri = inside radius, and ro = outside radius. For vessels with end caps, the axial stress is: P r r r a i o i i 2 2 2 = - v σt, σr, and σa are principal stresses. ? Fli