Behavioural Studies of Harpalus rufipes De Geer an Important Weed Seed Predator in Northeastern US Agroecosystems英文文献资料.docVIP

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Behavioural Studies of Harpalus rufipes De Geer an Important Weed Seed Predator in Northeastern US Agroecosystems英文文献资料.doc

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Behavioural Studies of Harpalus rufipes De Geer an Important Weed Seed Predator in Northeastern US Agroecosystems英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation InternationalJournalofEcology Volume2012,ArticleID846546,6pages doi:10.1155/2012/846546 ResearchArticle BehaviouralStudiesofHarpalusrufipesDeGeer:anImportant WeedSeedPredatorinNortheasternUSAgroecosystems SaraHarrisonandEricR.Gallandt DepartmentofPlant,Soil,andEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofMaine,5722DeeringHall,Orono,ME04469-5722,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoEricR.Gallandt,gallandt@ Received5August2011;Accepted2December2011 AcademicEditor:AndrewDenham Copyright?2012S.HarrisonandE.R.Gallandt. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkis properlycited. Harpalusru?pes,amemberoftheCarabidae,isthemostcommongranivorousinvertebrateinMaineagroecosystems.While previousresearchdemonstratedapositivecorrelationbetweenH.ru?pesactivity-densityandweedseedpredation,littleisknown aboutthebehaviourofthisseedpredator.Weconductedmesocosmexperimentstoexamineseedburial,soilsurfaceconditions, andseedmasse?ectswhiletrackingH.ru?pesmovementusingavideocamera,capturecard,andEthoVisionsoftware.H.ru?pes showedapreference(P0.001),forseedsonthesoilsurfacecomparedtothosehalforfullyburied.Specieswithlargerseedswere preferred,butAmaranthusretro?exus,whichhadthesmallestseeds,hadthehighestfeedinge?ciency(i.e.,seedseatenperdistance travelled).Undisturbedsoilresultedinhighestpredationrates,presumablybecauseseedswereeasiertodetectrelativetodisturbed soil.Video-trackingmeasurementsofdurationwithinareasofparticularseeds,ande?ciencyofseedpredation,indicatethatH. ru?pesbehaviourispreydependent. 1.Introduction Adult beetles are a dull black, with an elongated oval bodyandreddishlegs.Theyvaryfrom1.25–1.6cminlength [9] and are very mobile [10]. H. ru?pes overwinters as both larvae and adults, the overwintered adults becoming active towards the beginning of May, with their densities peaking by the end of June [11]. They are most ac