Ceramide in Stem Cell Differentiation and Embryo Development Novel Functions of a Topological Cell-Signaling Lipid and the Concept of Ceramide Compartments英文文献资料.docVIP

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Ceramide in Stem Cell Differentiation and Embryo Development Novel Functions of a Topological Cell-Signaling Lipid and the Concept of Ceramide Compartments英文文献资料.doc

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Ceramide in Stem Cell Differentiation and Embryo Development Novel Functions of a Topological Cell-Signaling Lipid and the Concept of Ceramide Compartments英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation JournalofLipids Volume2011,ArticleID610306,11pages doi:10.1155/2011/610306 ReviewArticle CeramideinStemCellDifferentiationand EmbryoDevelopment:NovelFunctionsof aTopologicalCell-SignalingLipidand theConceptofCeramideCompartments ErhardBieberich PrograminDevelopmentalNeurobiology,InstituteofMolecularMedicineandGenetics,SchoolofMedicine, MedicalCollegeofGeorgia,112015thStreetRoomCA4012,Augusta,GA30912,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoErhardBieberich,ebieberich@ Received26July2010;Accepted29November2010 AcademicEditor:WalterM.Holleran Copyright?2011ErhardBieberich.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Inthelasttwodecades,theviewonthefunctionofceramideasasolemetabolicprecursorforothersphingolipidshascompletely changed.Aplethoraofstudieshasshownthatceramideisanimportantlipidcell-signalingfactorregulatingapoptosisinavariety ofcelltypes.Withtheadventofnewstemcelltechnologiesandknockoutmiceforspeci?cstepsinceramidebiosynthesis,this viewisabouttochangeagain.Recentstudiessuggestthatceramideisacriticalcell-signalingfactorforstemcelldi?erentiation and cell polarity, two processes at the core of embryo development. This paper discusses studies on ceramide using in vitro di?erentiatedstemcells,embryocultures,andknockoutmicewiththegoaloflinkingspeci?cdevelopmentalstagestoexciting andnovelfunctionsofthislipid.Particularattentionisdevotedtotheconceptofceramideasatopologicalcell-signalinglipid:a lipidthatformsdistinctstructures(membranedomainsandvesiclestermed“sphingosome”),whichcon?nesceramide-induced cellsignalingpathwaystolocalizedandevenpolarizedcompartments. 1.Ceramide:TamingoftheSphinx Sincethen,severalthousandpublicationshavefocused onceramide-inducingapoptosis,whilemuchfewerstudies wereconcernedwithotherfunctionsofceramide.Thiswas mainlyduetothelimitedavailabilityofgeneticapproaches to alter ceram