植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture 84.pptVIP

* A) Alternating B) Opposite C) Whorled / Different leaf arrangement may represent different ways to maximize light absorption and minimize self-shading * 4 main tissue types are the epidermis, the mesophyll, the xylem and the phloem * Collenchyma tissue –thicker cell walls, structural support * Bundle sheath surrounds vascular bundles, extensions provide support * Leave has multiple epidermis and a thick cuticle to limit water loss. Also contains stomatal crypts which are depressions in the lower epidermis to aid in the prevention of water loss from the stomata. Hairs or trichomes in crypts also help to retain moisture * In many grasses, the leaf has a V-shaped cross section. Within the “V” are a row of bulliform cells. When turgid (filled with water), the leaf is open, and when flaccid the leaf folds to preserve water * In most plants, guard cells are the only cells of the epidermis with chloroplasts. Water released by the process of transpiration. Oxygen also released from guard cells * Air spaces in the mesophyll of this water lily helps keep the leaf afloat * Air spaces in spongy layer provides for gaseous exchange, with water and co2 entering from the stomata and O2 and water vapor leaving * A) Dicot B) Monocot – no palisade and spongy layer, bundle sheath cells very conspicuous. Photosynthesis takes place there in C4 plants. This process can deliver carbon dioxide to the bundle sheath be a level of 10 times greater than in the atmosphere. Eliminates photorespiration. Increases the level of sugars produced * What types of plants did we learn about during our lectures in photosynthesis that have evolved adaptions to limit the loss of water? C4 and CAM plants * Water can travel for more that 100 meters * Guard cells become hypertonic (higher in solute concentration), causing water to more in to guard cells and be released * A) Stomata is closed when potassium ion concentrations are equal in guard cells and other cells of the epidermis B) As potassium i