植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture 88.pptVIP

Assortment of true and false nuts: A. Hazelnut (Corylus americana), B. Pecan (Carya illinoensis), C. Peanut (Arachis hypogea), D. Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia), E. Almond (Prunus amygdalus), F. Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa), G. Chestnut (Castanea dentata), H. Kukui Nut (Aleurites molucanna), I. Water Chestnut (Trapa bicornis), J. Walnut (Juglans regia). [True nuts: A. G.; Drupes: B., D., E., H., I. J.; Seeds: F.; Legumes: C.? Note: The pecan (B) and walnut (J) are also considered to be a true nuts by some botanists.] (E) Spices, Herbs, and Flavorings Spices are derived from non-leaf tropical plant parts and herbs are usually derived from leaves and can be temperate; flavorings like chocolate are placed in a separate category. (1) Quinine (a type of flavor) Flavor derived from the bark of the cinchona tree used to make tonic water and also treat malaria. (F) Food Production Massive food shortages have not occurred due to increased use of irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and improved cultivars. (1) Fertilizers Supply plants with essential minerals and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous. (2) Pesticides Chemicals designed to prevent competition for limited resources, typically with herbivorous insects. IV. Nonfood Uses of Plants Include industrial, recreational, atmospheric, and medicinal forms of utilitarian value. (A) Medicines Plants were our first medicines, and early plant biologists or botanists like Carolous Linnaeus, were often medical doctors. (1) Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) Derived from the bark of the white willow tree (Salix genus) (B) Clothing and Fabric Dyes Cotton (hairs attached to seed of cotton plant), Linen (flax plant), and artificial fabrics (rayon)—processed wood fibers, tannin (many trees) used to toughen leather products. Dyes derived from coal, which is partially the result of fossilized plant remains. (C) Fuels (for heat, electricity, and machine fuel) Fossil fuels (developed countries) and wood material