An Energy-Saving Development Initiative Increases Birth Rate and Childhood Malnutrition in Rural Ethiopia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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An Energy-Saving Development Initiative Increases Birth Rate and Childhood Malnutrition in Rural Ethiopia 英文参考文献.doc

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An Energy-Saving Development Initiative Increases Birth Rate and Childhood Malnutrition in Rural Ethiopia 英文参考文献

o PL SMEDICINE AnEnergy-SavingDevelopmentInitiative IncreasesBirthRateandChildhood MalnutritioninRuralEthiopia Mhairi A.Gibson1,Ruth Mace2 1DepartmentofArchaeologyandAnthropology,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom2DepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,United Kingdom Funding:Thisstudywasfinancedby anESRC(PhDscholarshiptoMAG), andTheWellcomeTrust(Project GrantGR068461MA).Theproject grantcoveredthesalarycostsofthe primaryauthorandallfieldworkand analysiscostsincurredduring2002– 2004.Thefundershadnorolein studydesign,datacollectionand analysis,decisiontopublish,or preparationofthemanuscript. ABSTRACT Background Evolutionary life history theory predicts that, in the absence of contraception, any enhancement of maternal condition can increase human fertility. Energetic trade-offs are likely to be resolved in favour of maximizing reproductive success rather than health or longevity. Here we find support for the hypothesis that development initiatives designed to improvematernalandchildwelfaremayalsoincurcostsassociatedwithincreasedfamilysizes iftheydonotincludeafamilyplanningcomponent. CompetingInterests:Theauthors havedeclaredthatnocompeting interestsexist. MethodsandFindings AcademicEditor:MushtaqueR. Chowdhury,BRAC,Bangladesh Demographic and anthropometric data were collected in a rural Ethiopian community benefiting from a recent labour-saving development technology that reduces women’s energeticexpenditure(n?1,976households).Usinglogistichazardsmodelsandgenerallinear modelling techniques, we found that whilst infant mortality has declined, the birth rate has increased,causinggreaterscarcityofresourceswithinhouseholds. Citation:GibsonMA,MaceR(2006) Anenergy-savingdevelopment initiativeincreasesbirthrateand childhoodmalnutritioninrural Ethiopia.PLoSMed3(4):e87. Received:August15,2005 Accepted:November24,2005 Published:February14,2006 Conclusions This study is, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate a link between a technological developm