Are Drug Companies Living Up to Their Human Rights Responsibilities Moving Toward Assessment 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Are Drug Companies Living Up to Their Human Rights Responsibilities Moving Toward Assessment 英文参考文献.doc

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Are Drug Companies Living Up to Their Human Rights Responsibilities Moving Toward Assessment 英文参考文献

ThePLoSMedicineDebate 1 AreDrugCompaniesLivingUptoTheirHumanRights Responsibilities?MovingTowardAssessment SofiaGruskin*,ZydeRaad ProgramonInternationalHealthandHumanRights,DepartmentofGlobalHealthandPopulation,HarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStates ofAmerica companies’ compliance with human rights norms ought to be rooted in international legal agreements, or at least in their Background to the debate: The human rights responsi- bilitiesofdrugcompanieshavebeenconsideredforyears by nongovernmental organizations, but were most sharplydefinedinareportbytheUNSpecialRapporteur on the right to health, submitted to the United Nations commonly agreed upon interpretations. What international law actually says is important. Perhaps most pertinent is the legally establishedhumanrighttoessentialmedicines(EM)asaderivative of the broader right to health [4]. Under the right to health, General Assembly in August 2008. The ‘‘Human Rights governments have the legal obligation to ensure that EM are Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in relation to available,accessible(includingfinanciallyaccessibleoraffordable), AccesstoMedicines’’includeresponsibilitiesfortranspar- acceptable,andofappropriatequality,andareadvisedtodevelop ency, management, monitoring and accountability, pric- ing,andethicalmarketing,andagainstlobbyingformore protection in intellectual property laws, applying for patents for trivial modifications of existing medicines, EssentialMedicinesListsusingtheWHOModelListasguidance. Moreover,theymustpreventrightsviolationscommittedbynon- stateactors(NSAs)—includingdrugcompanies—intheirjurisdic- inappropriatedrugpromotion,andexcessivepricing.Two yearsafterthereleaseoftheGuidelines,thePLoSMedicine Debate asks whether drug companies are living up to theirhumanrightsresponsibilities.SofiaGruskinandZyde RaadfromtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthsaymore assessment is needed of such responsibilities; Geralyn Ritter, Vice President of Global Public Poli