Elevational Gradients in Bird Diversity in the Eastern Himalaya An Evaluation of Distribution Patterns and Their Underlying Mechanisms 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Elevational Gradients in Bird Diversity in the Eastern Himalaya An Evaluation of Distribution Patterns and Their Underlying Mechanisms 英文参考文献.doc

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Elevational Gradients in Bird Diversity in the Eastern Himalaya An Evaluation of Distribution Patterns and Their Underlying Mechanisms 英文参考文献

ElevationalGradientsinBirdDiversityintheEastern Himalaya:AnEvaluationofDistributionPatternsand TheirUnderlyingMechanisms BhojKumarAcharya1*¤,NathanJ.Sanders2,LalithaVijayan1,BasundharaChettri1¤ 1DivisionofConservationEcology,Sa`limAliCentreforOrnithologyandNaturalHistory,Anaikatty,Coimbatore,India,2DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology, UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,Tennessee,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Understandingdiversitypatternsandthemechanismsunderlyingthosepatternsalongelevationalgradients is critically important for conservation efforts in montane ecosystems, especially those that are biodiversity hotspots. Despite recent advances, consensus on the underlying causes, or even the relative influence of a suite of factors on elevationaldiversitypatternshasremainedelusive. MethodsandPrincipalFindings:Weexaminedpatternsofspeciesrichness,densityandrangesizedistributionofbirds, andthesuiteofbioticandabioticfactors(primaryproductivity,habitatvariables,climaticfactorsandgeometricconstraints) thatgovernsdiversityalonga4500-melevationalgradientintheEasternHimalayanregion,abiodiversityhotspotwithin theworld’stallestmountains.Weusedpointcountmethodsforsamplingbirdsandquadratsforestimatingvegetationat 22sitesalongtheelevationalgradient.Wefoundthatspeciesrichnessincreasedtoapproximately2000m,thendeclined. Wefoundnoevidencethatgeometricconstraintsinfluencedthispattern,whereasactualevapotranspiration(asurrogate for primary productivity) and various habitat variables (plant species richness, shrub density and basal area of trees) accountedformostofthevariationinbirdspeciesrichness.Wealsoobservedthatrangesofmostbirdspecieswerenarrow along the elevation gradient. We find little evidence to support Rapoport’s rule for the birds of Sikkim region of the Himalaya. Conclusions and Significance: This study in the Eastern Himalaya indicates that species richness of birds is highest at intermediate elevations along one of the most extensive elevational gradients e