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Empathy and Reversed Empathy of Stress in Mice 英文参考文献
EmpathyandReversedEmpathyofStressinMice
ShigeruWatanabe*
DepartmentofPsychology,KeioUniversity,Tokyo,Japan
Abstract
Empathyisanemotionalresponsetodisplayofdistressinothersandreversed-empathyisanemotionalresponsetonon-
distressed others in distressed subjects. Stress has memory enhancing effect on aversive experience. Here, I examine
empathyandreversedempathyusingthememoryenhancingeffectsofstressinmice.Restrainstressenhancedaversive
memoryofafloorwithelectricshock,butrestrainstress,withcagematesalsorestrained,reducedtheenhancingeffect.On
the other hand, restrain stress with free-moving cage mates increased the memory enhancing effect, suggesting the
strongerstress.Thisisthereversed-empathy.Levelofcorticosteroneisthehighestaftertherestrainwithfree-movingmates
andlowestaftertherestrainwithrestrainedmates.
Citation:WatanabeS(2011)EmpathyandReversedEmpathyofStressinMice.PLoSONE6(8):e23357.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023357
Editor:GeorgesChapouthier,Universite′ PierreetMarieCurie,France
ReceivedJune17,2011;AcceptedJuly13,2011;PublishedAugust10,2011
Copyright:?2011ShigeruWatanabe.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermits
unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited.
Funding:ThisresearchwassupportedbyGlobalCOEProgram(D-1)ofJapaneseGovernment(JSPS).Thefundershadnoroleinstudydesign,datacollectionand
analysis,decisiontopublish,orpreparationofthemanuscript.
CompetingInterests:Theauthorhasdeclaredthatnocompetinginterestsexist.
*E-mail:swat@flet.keio.ac.jp
Introduction
‘‘happiness of the others is a taste of acid’’. Here we examine
empathybasedoncommonexperienceandreversedempathybased
onunevenexperienceusingthememoryenhancingeffectsofstress.
Darwinbelievedthatinfrahumananimalshavesenseofempathy
andwrote ‘‘many animalscertainlysympathize with each other’s
distressordanger’’[1].Empathyisemotionalresponsetodisplay
of distress in others. Exposure to electrically shoc
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