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Environmental Enrichment Reduces Signs of Boredom in Caged Mink 英文参考文献
EnvironmentalEnrichmentReducesSignsofBoredomin
CagedMink
RebeccaK.Meagher*,GeorgiaJ.Mason
AnimalandPoultryScienceDepartment,UniversityofGuelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada
Abstract
Animals housed in impoverished cages are often labelled ‘bored’. They have also been called ‘apathetic’ or ‘depressed’,
particularlywhenprofoundlyinactive.However,thesetermsarerarelyoperationallydefinedandvalidated.Asanegative
state caused by under-stimulation, boredom should increase interest in stimuli of all kinds. Apathy (lack of interest), by
contrast, should manifest as decreased interest in all stimuli, while anhedonia (loss of pleasure, a depressive symptom)
shouldspecificallydecreaseinterestinnormallyrewardingstimuli.Wetestedthehypothesesthatmink,amodelcarnivore,
experiencemoreboredom,depression-likeapathy,oranhedoniainnon-enriched(NE)cagesthanincomplex,enriched(E)
cages.Weexposed29subjects(13E,16NE)totenstimulicategorizedaprioriasaversive(e.g.airpuffs),rewarding(e.g.
evoking chasing) or ambiguous/neutral (e.g. candles). Interest in stimuli was assessed via latencies to contact, contact
durations,anddurationsorientedtostimuli.NEminkcontactedallstimulifaster(P=0.003)thanEmink,andspentlonger
orientedto/incontactwiththem,albeitonlysignificantlysoforambiguousones(treatment*typeP,0.013).Withstimulus
categoryremovedfromstatisticalmodels,interestinallstimuliwasconsistentlyhigheramongNEmink(P,0.0001forall
measures).NEminkalsoconsumedmorefoodrewards(P=0.037).Finally,weinvestigatedwhetherlyingdownwhileawake
andstereotypicbehaviour(bothincreasedbyNEhousing)predictedtheseresponses.Lyingawakepositivelyco-variedwith
certainmeasuresofincreasedexploration.Incontrast,stereotypic‘scrabbling’orlocomotion(e.g.pacing)didnot.Overall,
NEminkshowednoevidenceofapathyordepression,butinsteadaheightenedinvestigationofdiversestimuliconsistent
with boredom. This state was potentially indicated by spending much time lying still but awake (although this result
requiresreplication).Boredomcanthusbeoperationalizedanda
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