Evolution with Stochastic Fitness and Stochastic Migration 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evolution with Stochastic Fitness and Stochastic Migration 英文参考文献.doc

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Evolution with Stochastic Fitness and Stochastic Migration 英文参考文献

EvolutionwithStochasticFitnessandStochastic Migration SeanH.Rice1*,AnthonyPapadopoulos2 1Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America, 2Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Migration between local populations plays an important role in evolution - influencing local adaptation, speciation, extinction, and the maintenance of genetic variation. Like other evolutionary mechanisms, migration is a stochastic process, involving both random and deterministic elements. Many models of evolution have incorporated migration,butthesehaveallbeenbasedonsimplifyingassumptions,suchaslowmigrationrate,weakselection,orlarge populationsize.Wethushavenotrulygeneralandexactmathematicaldescriptionofevolutionthatincorporatesmigration. Methodology/Principal Findings: We derive an exact equation for directional evolution, essentially a stochastic Price equation with migration, that encompasses all processes, both deterministic and stochastic, contributing to directional changeinanopenpopulation.Usingthisresult,weshowthatincreasingthevarianceinmigrationratesreducestheimpact ofmigrationrelativetoselection.Thismeansthatmodelsthattreatmigrationasasingleparametertendtobebiassed- overestimatingtherelativeimpactofimmigration.Wefurthershowthatselectionandmigrationinteractincomplexways, oneresultbeingthatastrategyforwhichfitnessisnegativelycorrelatedwithmigrationrates(highfitnesswhenmigration islow)willtendtoincreaseinfrequency,evenifithaslowermeanfitnessthandootherstrategies.Finally,wederivean equationfortheeffective migrationrate,whichallowssomeofthecomplexstochasticprocesses thatweidentify tobe incorporatedintomodelswithasinglemigrationparameter. Conclusions/Significance:Ashaspreviouslybeenshownwithselection,theroleofmigrationinevolutionisdeterminedby the entire distributions of immigration and emigration rates, not just by the mean values. The interactions of