Evolving Righteousness in a Corrupt World 英文参考文献.docVIP

EvolvingRighteousnessinaCorruptWorld EdgarA.Due′n?ez-Guzma′n1,2*,SuzanneSadedin1 1DepartmentofOrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2LaboratoryofSocioecologyandSocial Evolution,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,Leuven,Belgium Abstract Punishment offers a powerful mechanism for the maintenance of cooperation in human and animal societies, but the maintenanceofcostlypunishmentitselfremainsproblematic.Gametheoryhasshownthatcorruption,wherepunisherscan defectwithoutbeingpunishedthemselves,maysustaincooperation.However,inmanyhumansocietiesandsomeinsect ones, high levels of cooperation coexist with low levels of corruption, and such societies show greater wellbeing than societieswithhighcorruption.Hereweshowthatsmallpaymentsfromcooperatorstopunisherscandestabilizecorrupt societiesandleadtothespreadofpunishmentwithoutcorruption(righteousness).Righteousnesscanprevaileveninthe face of persistent power inequalities. The resultant righteous societies arehighly stable and have higher wellbeing than corruptones.Thisresultmayhelptoexplainthepersistenceofcostlypunishingbehavior,andindicatesthatcorruptionis asub-optimaltoolformaintainingcooperationinhumansocieties. Citation:Due′n?ez-Guzma′n EA,SadedinS(2012)EvolvingRighteousnessinaCorruptWorld.PLoSONE7(9):e44432.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044432 Editor:AttilaSzolnoki,HungarianAcademyofSciences,Hungary ReceivedMarch21,2012;AcceptedAugust1,2012;PublishedSeptember12,2012 Copyright:?2012Due′n?ez-Guzma′n, Sadedin.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,which permitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding: This work was supported by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Collaborative Innovation Award. The funders had no role in study design, data collectionandanalysis,decisiontopublish,orpreparationofthemanuscript. CompetingInterests:Theauthorshavedeclaredthatnocompe