Evolution and Diversity of a Fungal SelfNonself Recognition Locus 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evolution and Diversity of a Fungal SelfNonself Recognition Locus 英文参考文献.doc

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Evolution and Diversity of a Fungal SelfNonself Recognition Locus 英文参考文献

EvolutionandDiversityofaFungalSelf/Nonself RecognitionLocus CharlesHall,JulietWelch,DavidJ.Kowbel,N.LouiseGlass* DepartmentofPlantandMicrobialBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Self/nonself discrimination is an essential feature for pathogen recognition and graft rejection and is a ubiquitousphenomenoninmanyorganisms.Filamentousfungi,suchasNeurosporacrassa,provideamodelforanalysesof population genetics/evolution of self/nonself recognition loci due to their haploid nature, small genomes and excellent genetic/genomicresources.InN.crassa,nonselfdiscriminationduringvegetativegrowthisdeterminedby11heterokaryon incompatibility(het)loci.Cellfusionbetweenstrainsthatdifferinallelicspecificityatanyofthesehetlocitriggersarapid programmedcelldeathresponse. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Inthisstudy,weevaluatedtheevolution,populationgeneticsandselectivemechanisms operatingatanonselfrecognitioncomplexconsistingoftwocloselylinkedloci,het-c(NCU03493)andpin-c(NCU03494). Thegenomicpositionofpin-cnexttohet-cisuniquetoNeurospora/Sordariaspecies,andoriginatedbygeneduplication after divergence from other species within the Sordariaceae. The het-c pin-c alleles in N. crassa are in severe linkage disequilibriumandconsistofthreehaplotypes,het-c1/pin-c1,het-c2/pin-c2andhet-c3/pin-c3,whichareequallyfrequentin populationsamplesandexhibittrans-speciespolymorphisms. Theabsenceofrecombinanthaplotypesiscorrelatedwith divergenceofthehet-c/pin-cintergenicsequence.Testsforpositiveandbalancingselectionathet-candpin-csupportthe conclusion that both of these loci are under non-neutral balancing selection; other regions of both genes appear to be underpositiveselection.Ourdatashowthatthehet-c2/pin-c2haplotypeemergedbyarecombinationeventbetweenthe het-c1/pin-c1andhet-c3/pin-c3approximately3–12millionyearsago. Conclusions/Significance: These results support models by which loci that confer nonself discrimination form by the associationofpolymor