Evolution at Two Levels On Genes and Form 英文参考文献.docVIP

Open access, freely available online Essay Evolution at Two Levels: On Genes and Form Sean B. Carroll This article is based on the Allan Wilson Memorial Lectures given at the University of California at Berkeley in October 2004. therefore an opportune time to examine what has been and is being revealed about the relationship between evolution at the two levels of molecules and organisms, and to assess the status of King and Wilson’s hypothesis concerning the predominant role of regulatory mutations in organismal evolution. King and Wilson I n their classic paper “Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees,” published exactly 30 years ago, Mary-Claire King and Allan Wilson described the great similarity between many proteins of chimpanzees and humans [1]. They concluded that the small degree of molecular divergence observed could not account for the anatomical or behavioral differences between chimps and humans. Rather, they proposed that evolutionary changes in anatomy and way of life are more often based on changes in the mechanisms controlling the expression of genes than on DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030245.g001 used the phrase “ways of life” to include both physiology and behavior (M.-C. King, personal communication) and proposed that the Figure 1. Different Modes of Gene Evolution Increase the Diversity of Gene Function and Minimize Pleiotropy The function of a progenitor gene with the simple structure of one cis-regulatory element (red circle) and a pair of exons (black rectangles) can be expanded and diversi? ed in several ways. sequence changes in proteins. (A) Gene duplication followed by mutations (asterisks) in either coding or regulatory sequences of the initially identical paralogs will produce genes that may be expressed in different ways or proteins with distinct functions, while the original function can be maintained. (B) An expansion in the number of cis-regulatory elements by any of a number of means (transposition, rearrang