Examining the Relationship between Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Examining the Relationship between Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection 英文参考文献.doc

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Examining the Relationship between Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection 英文参考文献

ExaminingtheRelationshipbetweenUrogenital SchistosomiasisandHIVInfection PamelaSabinaMbabazi1,OliviaAndan1,DanielW.Fitzgerald2,LesterChitsulo1,DirkEngels1,JenniferA. Downs2* 1DepartmentofControlofNeglectedTropicalDiseases,WorldHealthOrganization,Geneva,Switzerland,2CenterforGlobalHealth,DivisionofInfectiousDiseases,Weill CornellMedicalCollege,NewYork,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by infection with Schistosoma haematobium, is widespread and causes substantialmorbidityontheAfricancontinent.Theinfectionhasbeensuggestedasanunrecognizedriskfactorforincident HIVinfection.Currentguidelinesrecommendpreventivechemotherapy,usingpraziquantelasapublichealthtool,toavert morbidity due toschistosomiasis. In individuals of reproductive age, urogenital schistosomiasis remains highlyprevalent and, likely, underdiagnosed. This comprehensive literature review was undertaken to examine the evidence for a cause- effectrelationshipbetweenurogenitalschistosomiasisandHIV/AIDS.Thereviewaimstosupportdiscussionsofurogenital schistosomiasisasaneglectedyeturgentpublichealthchallenge. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Weconductedasystematicsearchoftheliteratureincludingonlinedatabases,clinical guidelines, and current medical textbooks. We describe plausible local and systemic mechanisms by which Schistosoma haematobiuminfectioncouldincreasetheriskofHIVacquisitioninbothwomenandmen.WealsodetailtheeffectsofS. haematobium infection on the progression and transmissibility of HIV in co-infected individuals. We briefly summarize availableevidenceontheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofchronicschistosomiasisandtheimplicationsthismighthavefor populationsathighriskofbothschistosomiasisandHIV. Conclusions/Significance:Studiessupportthehypothesisthaturogenitalschistosomiasisinwomenandmenconstitutesa significant risk factor for HIV acquisition due both to local genital tract and global immunological effects. In those who becomeHIV-infected,schistosomalco-infectionm