Moving Forward Moving Backward Directional Sorting of Chemotactic Cells due to Size and Adhesion Differences 英文参考文献.docVIP

MovingForwardMovingBackward: DirectionalSortingofChemotacticCells duetoSizeandAdhesionDifferences Jos Ka¨fer¤,Paulien Hogeweg, Athanasius F.M.Mare′e* TheoreticalBiologyandBioinformatics,UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,Netherlands Differential movement of individual cells within tissues is an important yet poorly understood process in biological development. Here we present a computational study of cell sorting caused by a combination of cell adhesion and chemotaxis, where we assume that all cells respond equally to the chemotactic signal. To capture in our model mesoscopic properties of biological cells, such as their size and deformability, we use the Cellular Potts Model, a multiscale,cell-basedMonteCarlomodel.Wedemonstratearicharrayofcell-sortingphenomena,whichdependona combinationofmescoscopiccellpropertiesandtissuelevelconstraints.Undertheconditionsstudied,cellsortingisa fastprocess, which scales linearly with tissue size. We demonstrate the occurrence of ‘‘absolute negative mobility’’, whichmeansthatcellsmaymoveinthedirectionoppositetotheappliedforce(herechemotaxis).Moreover,during the sorting, cells may even reverse the direction of motion. Another interesting phenomenon is ‘‘minority sorting’’, wherethedirectionofmovementdoesnotdependoncelltype,butonthefrequencyofthecelltypeinthetissue.A specialcaseisthecAMP-wave-drivenchemotaxisofDictyosteliumcells,whichgeneratespressurewavesthatguidethe sorting.Themechanismswedescribecaneasilybeoverlookedinstudiesofdifferentialcellmovement,hencecertain experimentalobservationsmaybemisinterpreted. Citation: Ka¨fer J, Hogeweg P, Mare′e AFM (2006) Moving forward moving backward: Directional sorting of chemotactic cells due to size and adhesion differences. PLoS ComputBiol2(6):e56.DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020056 Chemotaxishasbeenfoundtobeessentialduringdevelop- ment of diverse organisms and tissues. In the cellular slime Introduction The form of a multicellular organism is established by changingcellpositions,con?gurations,andsha