Origin of an Alternative Genetic Code in the Extremely Small and GC–Rich Genome of a Bacterial Symbiont 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Origin of an Alternative Genetic Code in the Extremely Small and GC–Rich Genome of a Bacterial Symbiont 英文参考文献.doc

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Origin of an Alternative Genetic Code in the Extremely Small and GC–Rich Genome of a Bacterial Symbiont 英文参考文献

OriginofanAlternativeGeneticCodeintheExtremely SmallandGC–RichGenomeofaBacterialSymbiont JohnP.McCutcheon1,2*,BradonR.McDonald2,NancyA.Moran2 1CenterforInsectScience,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,Arizona,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofArizona, Tucson,Arizona,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract The genetic code relates nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence and is shared across all organisms, with the rare exceptions of lineages in which one or a few codons have acquired novel assignments. Recoding of UGA from stop to tryptophan has evolved independently in certain reduced bacterial genomes, including those of the mycoplasmas and some mitochondria. Small genomes typically exhibit low guanine plus cytosine (GC) content, and this bias in base compositionhasbeenproposedtodriveUGAStoptoTryptophan(StopRTrp)recoding.Usingacombinationofgenome sequencing and high-throughput proteomics, we show that an a-Proteobacterial symbiont of cicadas has the unprecedented combination of an extremely small genome (144kb), a GC–biased base composition (58.4%), and a codingreassignmentofUGAStopRTrp.AlthoughitisnotclearwhythistinygenomelacksthelowGCcontenttypicalof othersmallbacterialgenomes,theseobservationssupportaroleofgenomereductionratherthanbasecompositionasa driverofcodonreassignment. Citation: McCutcheonJP, McDonald BR, Moran NA (2009) Origin ofan AlternativeGenetic Code in the Extremely Small and GC–Rich Genome of aBacterial Symbiont.PLoSGenet5(7):e1000565.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000565 Editor:IvanMatic,Universite′ ParisDescartes,INSERMU571,France ReceivedApril6,2009;AcceptedJune17,2009;PublishedJuly17,2009 Copyright:?2009McCutcheonetal.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:ThisworkwasfundedbyNationalScienceFoundation()MicrobialGenomeSequencingaward0626716(toNAM