Ordovician ash geochemistry and the establishment of land plants 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Ordovician ash geochemistry and the establishment of land plants 英文参考文献.doc

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Ordovician ash geochemistry and the establishment of land plants 英文参考文献

ParnellandFosterGeochemicalTransactions2012,13:7 /content/13/1/7 RESEARCH ARTICLE OpenAccess Ordovicianashgeochemistryandthe establishmentoflandplants JohnParnell1*andSorchaFoster2 Abstract Thecolonizationoftheterrestrialenvironmentbylandplantstransformedtheplanetarysurfaceanditsbiota,and shiftedthebalanceofEarth’sbiomassfromthesubsurfacetowardsthesurface.Howevertherewasalongdelay betweentheformationofpalaeosols(soils)onthelandsurfaceandthekeystageofplantcolonization.Therecord ofpalaeosols,andtheircolonizationbyfungiandlichensextendswellbackintothePrecambrian.Whiletheseearly soilsprovidedapotentialsubstrate,theyweregenerallyleachedofnutrientsaspartoftheweatheringprocess.In contrast,volcanicashfallsprovideageochemicallyfavourablesubstratethatisbothnutrient-richandhashigh waterretention,makingthemgoodhoststolandplants.Ananomalouslyextensivesystemofvolcanicarcsgenerated unprecedentedvolumesoflavaandvolcanicash(tuff)duringtheOrdovician.Theearliest,mid-Ordovician,recordsof plantsporescoincidewiththesewidespreadvolcanicdeposits,suggestingthepossibilityofageneticrelationship.The ashconstitutedaglobalenvironmentofnutrient-laden,water-saturatedsoilthatcouldbeexploitedtomaximum advantagebytheevolvinganchoringsystemsoflandplants.Therapidandpervasiveinoculationofmodernvolcanic ashbyplantspores,andsymbioticnitrogen-fixingfungi,suggeststhattheOrdovicianashmusthavereceiveda substantialloadoftheearliestsporesandtheirchemistryfavouredplantdevelopment.Inparticular,highphosphorus levelsinashwerefavourabletoplantgrowth.Thismayhaveallowedphotosynthesizerstodiversifyandenlarge,and transformthesurfaceoftheplanet. Keywords:Ashgeochemistry,Tuff,Landplants,Chemicalindexofalteration,Phosphorus,Biomass,Ordovician Background change intrinsically involved an increase in the pro- Theestablishmentoflandplantsintheterrestrialenvir- portion of life ultimately supported by photosynthesis onmentbrought about a fundamental transformation of (carbondioxide)ratherthanhydrogen. the Earth’s surfac