Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense 英文参考文献.docVIP

REVIEWARTICLE OxidativeStressandAntioxidantDefense EsraBirbenPhD,1UmitMuratSahinerMD,1CansinSackesenMD,1 SerpilErzurumMD,2andOmerKalayci,MD1 which include enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by living organisms as a result of normal cellular metabolism and environ- mental factors, such as air pollutants or cigarette smoke. ROS are highly reactive molecules and can damage cell structures such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins and alter their functions.Theshiftinthebalancebetweenoxidantsandantioxidants in favor of oxidants is termed “oxidative stress.” Regulation of reducing and oxidizing (redox) state is critical for cell viability, activation,proliferation,andorganfunction.Aerobicorganismshave integrated antioxidant systems, which include enzymatic and non- enzymaticantioxidantsthatareusuallyeffectiveinblockingharmful effectsofROS.However,inpathologicalconditions,theantioxidant systemscanbeoverwhelmed.Oxidativestresscontributestomany pathologicalconditionsanddiseases,includingcancer,neurological disorders, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/perfusion, diabe- tes,acuterespiratorydistresssyndrome,idiopathicpulmonary?bro- sis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. In this review,wesummarizethecellularoxidantandantioxidantsystems and discuss the cellular effects and mechanisms of the oxidative stress. that are usually effective in blocking harmful effects of ROS. However, in pathological conditions, the antioxidant systems canbeoverwhelmed. Inthisreview,wesummarize the cellular oxidant and antioxidant systems and regulation of the reducing and oxidizing (redox) state in health and disease states. OXIDANTS EndogenousSourcesofROS ROS are produced from molecular oxygen as a result of normal cellular metabolism. ROS can be divided into 2groups:freeradicalsandnonradicals.Moleculescontaining oneormoreunpairedelectronsandthusgivingreactivityto the molecule are called free radicals.