Parallel Adaptive Divergence among Geographically Diverse Human Populations 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Parallel Adaptive Divergence among Geographically Diverse Human Populations 英文参考文献.doc

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Parallel Adaptive Divergence among Geographically Diverse Human Populations 英文参考文献

ParallelAdaptiveDivergenceamongGeographically DiverseHumanPopulations JacobA.Tennessen*,JoshuaM.Akey DepartmentofGenomeSciences,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Fewgeneticdifferencesbetweenhumanpopulationsconformtotheclassicmodelofpositiveselection,inwhichanewly arisen mutation rapidly approaches fixation in one lineage, suggesting that adaptation more commonly occurs via moderatechangesinstandingvariationatmanyloci.Detectingandcharacterizingthistypeofcomplexselectionrequires integratingindividuallyambiguoussignaturesacrossgenomicallyandgeographicallyextensivedata.Here,wedevelopa novel approach to test the hypothesis that selection has favored modest divergence at particular loci multiple times in independenthumanpopulations.WefindanexcessofSNPsshowingnon-neutralparalleldivergence,enrichedforgenic andnonsynonymouspolymorphismsingenesencompassingdiverseandoftendiseaserelatedfunctions.Repeatedparallel evolution in the same direction suggests common selective pressures in disparate habitats. We test our method with extensivecoalescentsimulationsandshowthatitisrobusttoawiderangeofdemographicevents.Ourresultsdemonstrate phylogeneticallyorthogonalpatternsoflocaladaptationcausedbysubtleshiftsatmanywidespreadpolymorphismsthat likelyunderliesubstantialphenotypicdiversity. Citation: Tennessen JA, Akey JM (2011) Parallel Adaptive Divergence among Geographically Diverse Human Populations. PLoS Genet 7(6): e1002127. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002127 Editor:GregGibson,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedDecember13,2010;AcceptedApril27,2011;PublishedJune16,2011 Copyright:?2011Tennessen,Akey.Thisisanopen-access articledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:JATissupportedbyaNIH/NHGRIGenomeTrainingGrant.ThisworkwassupportedinpartbyanNIHgrant(R01GM076036)toJMA.Thefundersha