Primary and Secondary Rewards Differentially Modulate Neural Activity Dynamics during Working Memory 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Primary and Secondary Rewards Differentially Modulate Neural Activity Dynamics during Working Memory 英文参考文献.doc

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Primary and Secondary Rewards Differentially Modulate Neural Activity Dynamics during Working Memory 英文参考文献

PrimaryandSecondaryRewardsDifferentiallyModulate NeuralActivityDynamicsduringWorkingMemory StefanieM.Beck1,2,HannahS.Locke1,AdamC.Savine1,KojiJimura1,ToddS.Braver1* 1Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, 2Department of Psychology, Dresden University of Technology,Dresden,Germany Abstract Background: Cognitive control and working memory processes have been found to be influenced by changes in motivational state. Nevertheless, the impact of different motivational variables on behavior and brain activity remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: The current study examined the impact of incentive category by varying on a within- subjects basis whether performance during a working memory task was reinforced with either secondary (monetary) or primary(liquid)rewards.Thetemporaldynamicsofmotivation-cognitioninteractionswereinvestigatedbyemployingan experimental design that enabled isolation of sustained and transient effects. Performance was dramatically and equivalentlyenhancedineachincentivecondition,whereasneuralactivitydynamicsdifferedbetweenincentivecategories. The monetary reward condition was associated with a tonic activation increase in primarily right-lateralized cognitive controlregionsincludinganteriorprefrontalcortex(PFC),dorsolateralPFC,andparietalcortex.Intheliquidcondition,the identical regions instead showed a shift in transient activation from a reactive control pattern (primary probe-based activation)duringno-incentivetrialstoproactivecontrol(primarycue-basedactivation)duringrewardedtrials.Additionally, liquid-specifictonicactivationincreaseswerefoundinsubcorticalregions(amygdala,dorsalstriatum,nucleusaccumbens), indicatingananatomicaldoubledissociationinthelocusofsustainedactivation. Conclusions/Significance: These different activation patterns suggest that primary and secondary rewards may produce similarbehavioralchangesthroughdistinctneuralmechanismsofreinforcement.Furthe