Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins New Insight from Clinical Studies 英文参考文献.docVIP

Toxins 2011, 3, 911-919; doi:10.3390/toxins3070911 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Article Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: New Insight from Clinical Studies Sophie Liabeuf 1,2,3, Tilman B. Drüeke 1 and Ziad A. Massy 1,2,3,4,* 1 INSERM ERI-12 (EA 4292), Amiens 80000, France; E-Mails: liabeuf.sophie@chu-amiens.fr (S.L.); tilman.drueke@inserm.fr (T.B.D.) 2 Clinical Research Centre-Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens 80000, France 3 The Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens 80000, France 4 Division of Nephrology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens 80000, France * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: massy@u-picardie.fr; Tel.: +33-322-455788; Fax: +33-322-455660. Received: 29 April 2011; in revised form: 28 June 2011 / Accepted: 5 July 2011 / Published: 20 July 2011 Abstract: The uremic syndrome is attributed to the progressive retention of a large number of compounds which, under normal conditions, are excreted by healthy kidneys. The compounds are called uremic toxins when they interact negatively with biological functions. The present review focuses on a specific class of molecules, namely the family of protein-bound uremic toxins. Recent experimental studies have shown that protein-bound toxins are involved not only in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but also in the generation and aggravation of cardiovascular disease. Two protein-bound uremic retention solutes, namely indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, have been shown to play a prominent role. However, although these two molecules belong to the same class of molecules, exert toxic effects on the cardiovascular system in experimental animals, and accumulate in the serum of patients with CKD they may have different clinical impacts in terms of cardiovascular disease and other complications. The principal aim of this rev