Qualia The Geometry of Integrated Information 英文参考文献.docVIP

Qualia:TheGeometryofIntegratedInformation DavidBalduzzi,GiulioTononi* DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,Wisconsin,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract According to the integrated information theory, the quantity of consciousness is the amount of integrated information generated by a complex of elements, and the quality of experience is specified by the informational relationships it generates.Thispaperoutlinesaframeworkforcharacterizingtheinformationalrelationshipsgeneratedbysuchsystems. Qualia space (Q) is a space having an axis for each possible state (activity pattern) of a complex. Within Q, each submechanism specifies apoint corresponding toa repertoire of system states. Arrows between repertoires in Q define informationalrelationships.Together,thesearrowsspecifyaquale—ashapethatcompletelyandunivocallycharacterizes thequalityofaconsciousexperience.W—theheightofthisshape—isthequantityofconsciousnessassociatedwiththe experience. Entanglement measures how irreducible informational relationships are to their component relationships, specifying concepts and modes. Several corollaries follow from these premises. The quale is determined by both the mechanismandstateofthesystem.Thus,twodifferentsystemshavingidenticalactivitypatternsmaygeneratedifferent qualia. Conversely, the same quale may be generated by two systems that differ in both activity and connectivity. Both activeandinactiveelementsspecifyaquale,butelementsthatareinactivateddonot.Also,theactivationofanelement affectsexperiencebychangingtheshapeofthequale.Thesubdivisionofexperienceintomodalitiesandsubmodalities correspondstosubshapesinQ.Inprinciple,differentaspectsofexperiencemaybeclassifiedasdifferentshapesinQ,and thesimilaritybetweenexperiencesreducestosimilaritiesbetweenshapes.Finally,specificqualities,suchasthe‘‘redness’’of red,whilegeneratedbyalocalmechanism,cannotbereducedtoit,butrequireconsideringtheentirequale.Ultimately,the presentframeworkmayofferaprincipledwayfortranslatingqualitati