Recent and Widespread Rapid Morphological Change in Rodents 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Recent and Widespread Rapid Morphological Change in Rodents 英文参考文献.doc

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Recent and Widespread Rapid Morphological Change in Rodents 英文参考文献

RecentandWidespreadRapidMorphologicalChangein Rodents OliverR.W.Pergams1,2,3*,JoshuaJ.Lawler4 1DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica, 2DivisionofMammals,DepartmentofZoology,Field Museum,Chicago,Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3RedRockInstitute,BrynMawr,Pennsylvania,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4SchoolofForestResources,Universityof Washington,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Ingeneral,rapidmorphologicalchangeinmammalshasbeeninfrequentlydocumented.Examplesthatdoexistarealmost exclusively of rodents on islands. Such changes are usually attributed to selective release or founder events related to restricted gene flow in island settings. Herewe document rapid morphological changes in rodents in 20 of 28 museum seriescollectedonfourcontinents,including15of23mainlandsites.Approximately17,000measurementsweretakenof 1302 rodents. Trends included both increases and decreases in the 15 morphological traits measured, but slightly more trendsweretowardslargersize.Generalizedlinearmodelsindicatedthatchangesinseveraloftheindividualmorphological traits were associated with changes in human population density, current temperature gradients, and/or trends in temperature and precipitation. When we restricted these analyses to samples taken in the US (where data on human population trends were presumed to be more accurate), we found changes in two additional traits to be positively correlatedwithchangesinhumanpopulationdensity.Principlecomponentanalysisrevealedgeneraltrendsincranialand externalsize,butthesegeneraltrendswereuncorrelatedwithclimateorhumanpopulationdensity.Ourresultsindicate thatoverthelast100+years,rapidmorphologicalchangeinrodentshasoccurredquitefrequently,andthatthesechanges havetakenplaceonthemainlandaswellasonislands.Ourresultsalsosuggestthatthesechangesmaybedriven,atleast inpart,byhumanpopulationgrowthandclimatechange. Citation: Pergams ORW, Lawler JJ (2009) Recent and Widespread Rapid