Reserves Protect against Deforestation Fires in the Amazon 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Reserves Protect against Deforestation Fires in the Amazon 英文参考文献.doc

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Reserves Protect against Deforestation Fires in the Amazon 英文参考文献

ReservesProtectagainstDeforestationFiresinthe Amazon J.MarionAdeney,NormanL.ChristensenJr.,StuartL.Pimm* NicholasSchooloftheEnvironment,DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Reservesaretheprincipalmeanstoconserveforestsandbiodiversity,butthequestionofwhetherreserves workisstilldebated.IntheAmazon,firesarecloselylinkedtodeforestation,andthuscanbeusedasaproxyforreserve effectiveness in protecting forest cover. We ask whether reserves in the Brazilian Amazon provide effective protection againstdeforestationandconsequentlyfires,whetherthatprotectionisbecauseoftheirlocationortheirlegalstatus,and whethersomereservetypesaremoreeffectivethanothers. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:PreviousworkhasshownthatmostAmazonianfiresoccurclosetoroadsandaremore frequent in El Nin?o years. We quantified these relationships for reserves and unprotected areas by examining satellite- detectedhotpixelsregressedagainstroaddistanceacrosstheentireBrazilianAmazonandforadecadewith2ElNin?o- relateddroughts.Deforestationfires,asmeasuredbyhotpixels,declinedexponentiallywithincreasingdistancefromroads inallareas.Fewerdeforestationfiresoccurredwithinprotectedareasthanoutsideandthedifferencebetweenprotected andunprotectedareaswasgreatestnearroads.Thus,reserveswereespeciallyeffectiveatpreventingthesefireswherethey areknowntobemostlikelytoburn;buttheydidnotprovideabsoluteprotection.Evenwithinreserves,atagivendistance from roads, there weremore deforestation fires in regions withhigh human impact than in thosewith low impact. The effectofEl Nin?oondeforestation fireswasgreatest outsideofreservesandnearroads.Indigenousreserves, limited-use reserves,andfullyprotectedreservesallhadfewerfiresthanoutsideareasanddidnotappeartodifferintheireffectiveness. Conclusions/Significance: Taking time, regional factors, and climate into account, our results show that reserves are an effectivetoolforcurbingdestructiveburningintheAmazon. Citation: Adeney JM, Christensen NL Jr, P