Residential exposure to motor vehicle emissions and the risk of wheezing among 7-8 year-old schoolchildren a city-wide cross-sectional study in Nicosia, Cyprus 英文参考文献.docVIP

Middleton et al. Environmental Health 2010, 9:28 /content/9/1/28 RESEARCH Open Access Residential exposure to motor vehicle emissions Research and the risk of wheezing among 7-8 year-old schoolchildren: a city-wide cross-sectional study in Nicosia, Cyprus Nicos Middleton*1, Panayiotis Yiallouros2, Nicolaos Nicolaou3, Savvas Kleanthous4, Spiros Pipis2, Maria Zeniou2, Philip Demokritou5 and Petros Koutrakis5 Abstract Background: Several studies have reported associations between respiratory outcomes in children and a range of self- reported, administrative or geographical indicators of traffic pollution. First-time investigation into the frequency of asthmatic symptoms among 7-8 year-old Cypriot children in 1999-2000 showed increased prevalence in the capital Nicosia compared to other areas. Geographical differences on an island the size of Cyprus may reflect environmental and/or lifestyle factors. This study investigates the relationship between self-reported symptoms and residential exposure to motor vehicle emissions among Nicosia schoolchildren. Methods: The addresses of children in the metropolitan area of Nicosia who participated in the original survey (N = 1,735) were geo-coded and the level of exposure of each child was assessed using distance- and emission-based indicators (i.e. estimated levels of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emissions due to motor vehicles on main roads around the residence). Odds ratios of wheezing and asthma diagnosis in relation to levels of exposure were estimated in logistic regression models adjusting for person-based factors, co-morbidity and intra-school clustering. Results: We found an increased risk of wheezing at distances less than 50 m from a main road and/or only among those experiencing the highest levels of exposure. The strongest effect estimates were observed when exposure was defined in terms of the cumulative burden at all roads around the residence. Adjusted odds ratios for current wheezing wer