Rethinking Ecosystem Resilience in the Face of Climate Change 英文参考文献.docVIP

Perspective RethinkingEcosystemResilienceintheFaceofClimate Change IsabelleM.Co?te′*,EmilyS.Darling DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,BritishColumbia,Canada Resilience is usually defined as the capacityofanecosystemtoabsorbdistur- bance without shifting to an alternative state and losing function and services [1–3].Theconceptthereforeencompasses two separate processes: resistance—the magnitude of disturbance that causes a change in structure—and recovery—the speed of return to the original structure [4,5]—which are fundamentally different butrarelydistinguished.Yet,resiliencehas becomeacentralconceptinthemanage- ment of natural ecosystems [6,7]. Many current management actions aim to alle- viatelocalstressorsinanefforttoincrease ecosystem resilience to global climate change[8,9].Suchamanagementphilos- ophy is premised on the belief that eliminating local drivers of ecological change will increase the ability of an ecosystem to resist future climate distur- bances, its ability to recover from such disturbances, or both [2,6]. Measuring resilience is fraught with difficulties [1,3]. Nevertheless, assessing changes in resil- ienceas aresultofmanagementactionis criticalbecausethereisgeneralagreement for theexistence of a strong linkbetween resilienceandsustainability[10].Success- fully increasing the resilience of natural systems may therefore have important implicationsforhumanwelfareintheface ofglobalclimatechange. mentation. It is therefore not surprising that the concept of resilience—to climate change in particular—is perhaps more strongly advocated as anunderpinning of management for coral reefs than for any other ecosystem [9,11–16]. Marine re- serves or no-take areas, the most popular formofspatialmanagementforcoralreef conservation, are widely thought to have the potential to increase coral reef resil- ience[11,13,14,17].Butdotheyreally? inatedbyfleshymacroalgae[13]butother alternative states are possible [20]—only at high