Costs of Defense and a Test of the Carbon-Nutrient Balance and Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypotheses for Two Co-Occurring Classes of Plant Defense 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Costs of Defense and a Test of the Carbon-Nutrient Balance and Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypotheses for Two Co-Occurring Classes of Plant Defense 英文参考文献.doc

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Costs of Defense and a Test of the Carbon-Nutrient Balance and Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypotheses for Two Co-Occurring Classes of Plant Defense 英文参考文献

CostsofDefenseandaTestoftheCarbon-Nutrient BalanceandGrowth-DifferentiationBalanceHypotheses forTwoCo-OccurringClassesofPlantDefense TaraJoyMassad1*¤,LeeA.Dyer2,GerardoVegaC.2 1DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,TulaneUniversity,NewOrleans,Louisiana,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofNevada, Reno,Nevada,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract One of the goals of chemical ecology is to assess costs of plant defenses. Intraspecific trade-offs between growth and defense are traditionally viewed in the context of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis (CNBH) and the growth- differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH). Broadly, these hypotheses suggest that growth is limited by deficiencies in carbonornitrogen whileratesofphotosynthesisremainunchanged, andthesubsequentreducedgrowthresultsinthe moreabundantresourcebeinginvestedinincreaseddefense(mass-balancebasedallocation).TheGDBHfurtherpredicts trade-offs in growth and defense should only be observed when resources are abundant. Most support for these hypotheses comes from work with phenolics. We examined trade-offs related to production of two classes of defenses, saponins(triterpenoids)andflavans(phenolics),inPentaclethramacroloba(Fabaceae),anabundanttreeinCostaRicanwet forests. We quantified physiological costs of plant defenses by measuring photosynthetic parameters (which are often assumed to be stable) in addition to biomass. Pentaclethra macroloba were grown in full sunlight or shade under three levelsofnitrogenalone orwithconspecificneighborsthatcouldpotentiallyalternutrientavailabilityviacompetition or facilitation.Biomassandphotosynthesiswerenotaffectedbynitrogenorcompetitionforseedlingsinfullsunlight,butthey responded positively to nitrogen in shade-grown plants. The trade-off predicted by the GDBH between growth and metaboliteproductionwasonlypresentbetweenflavansandbiomassinsun-grownplants(abundantresourceconditions). SupportwasalsoonlypartialfortheCNBHasflavansdeclinedwithnitrog