Schizophrenia pathophysiology are we any closer to a complete model 英文参考文献.docVIP

Annals of General Psychiatry BioMedCentral Review Open Access Schizophrenia pathophysiology: are we any closer to a complete model? Shaheen E Lakhan* and Karen F Vieira Address: Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA Email: Shaheen E Lakhan* - slakhan@; Karen F Vieira - kvieira@ * Corresponding author Published: 15 May 2009 Received: 11 December 2008 Accepted: 15 May 2009 Annals of General Psychiatry 2009, 8:12 doi:10.1186/1744-859X-8-12 This article is available from: /content/8/1/12 ? 2009 Lakhan and Vieira; licensee BioMed Central Ltd This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Schizophrenia, a severe brain disorder that involves hallucinations, disordered thinking and deficiencies in cognition, has been studied for decades in order to determine the early events that lead to this neurological disorder. In this review, we interpret the developmental and genetic models that have been proposed and treatment options associated with these models. Schizophrenia was initially thought to be hereditary based on studies of high incidence in certain families. Additionally, studies on specific genes such as ZDHHC8 and DTNBP1 seem to suggest susceptibility to the onset of this disorder. However, no single gene variation has been linked to schizophrenia, and recent evidence on sporadic cases of schizophrenia refutes genetics as being a singular cause of the disease. In addition, current data suggests neurodevelopmental or environmental causes such as viral infections and prenatal/perinatal complications. Before any brain disorder can be understood, however, multiple cognitive neuroscientific models that accommodate evidence from many biomedical