Satellite Tracking of Manta Rays Highlights Challenges to Their Conservation 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Satellite Tracking of Manta Rays Highlights Challenges to Their Conservation 英文参考文献.doc

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Satellite Tracking of Manta Rays Highlights Challenges to Their Conservation 英文参考文献

SatelliteTrackingofMantaRaysHighlightsChallengesto TheirConservation RachelT.Graham1,2*,MatthewJ.Witt3,DanW.Castellanos4,FranciscoRemolina5,SaraMaxwell6,7, BrendanJ.Godley2,LucyA.Hawkes3,8 1WildlifeConservationSociety,GulfandCaribbeanSharksandRaysProgram,PuntaGorda,Belize,2CentreforEcologyandConservation,UniversityofExeter,Tremough Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom, 3Environmental andSustainability Institute, Universityof Exeter,Tremough Campus,Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom, 4Wildlife Conservation Society,Punta Gorda, Belize, 5ReservadelaBiosferaTiburo′nBallena yParque Nacional Isla Contoy,Domino Project, NationalCommission of ProtectedAreas,Cancun,QuintanaRoo,Mexico,6MarineConservationInstitute,GlenEllenCalifornia,UnitedStatesofAmerica,7LongMarineLaboratory,Universityof CaliforniaSantaCruz,SantaCruz,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,8BrambellLaboratories,BangorUniversity,Bangor,Gwynedd,UnitedKingdom Abstract We describe the real-time movements of the last of themarine mega-vertebrate taxa tobe satellite tracked – the giant manta ray (or devil fish, Manta birostris), the world’s largest ray at over 6m disc width. Almost nothing is known about mantaraymovementsandtheirenvironmentalpreferences,makingthemoneoftheleastunderstoodofthemarinemega- vertebrates.RedlistedbytheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNatureas‘Vulnerable’toextinction,mantaraysare known to be subject to direct and incidental capture and some populations are declining. Satellite-tracked manta rays associated with seasonal upwelling events and thermal fronts off the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and made short-range shuttlingmovements,foragingalongandbetweenthem.Themajorityoflocationswerereceivedfromwatersshallower than 50m deep, representing thermally dynamic and productive waters. Manta rays remained in the Mexican Exclusive EconomicZoneforthedurationoftrackingbutonly12%oftrackinglocationswerereceivedfromwithinMarineProtected Areas(MPAs).Ourresultsonthespatio-temporaldistributionoftheseen