Science, Regulation, and Precedent for Genetically Modified Insects 英文参考文献.docVIP

ExpertCommentary Science,Regulation,andPrecedentforGenetically ModifiedInsects JohnD.Mumford* CentreforEnvironmentalPolicy,ImperialCollegeLondon,SilwoodParkCampus,Ascot,UnitedKingdom Questionshavebeenraisedaboutthetransparencyandscientific qualityofregulatoryprocessesappliedinthefirstopenfieldreleases of genetically modified (GM) insects, and there is concern that inappropriate precedents have been set [1], particularly through genericriskassessmentscoveringmultiplespeciesandtechnologies [2].TheGMinsectstestedinthefieldsofarareintendedforsterile insect release programs against a major pest of cotton (pink bollworm,Pectinophoragossypiella)intheUnitedStates[3]andagainst Aedesaegypti,themosquitovectorofdenguefever,intheCayman Islands [4], Malaysia [5], and Brazil [6]. In the pink bollworm release,theGMinsectsweresterilisedbyradiationandtheGMtrait wasaheritableredmarkercolourthatalloweddiscriminationfrom wild types.Inthe Aedes aegypti releases,themosquitoescarried an inserted inherited dominant lethality trait that causes late larval stage mortality in offspring of homozygous and heterozygous individuals,aswellasthecolourmarkertraittoprovideanessential discriminationfromwildtypes.Forcontrolprograms,insectswith newgeneticpropertiescouldbeintroducedeitherinlargenumbers inself-limitingpopulationsorinsmallernumbersinself-replicating populationsforaspecificbeneficialpurpose[7,8],butreleaseshave sofaronlyinvolvedtheself-limitingcategory. Billionsofmass-rearedinsects,whicharenotGM,arereleased into thewildeach weekaround theworld.Manyare non-native pest species reared, irradiated, and distributed in sterile insect release programs [14]. In addition to sterile releases, fertile biological control agents, including insects, have also been released, so far in over 7,000 cases [15]. They are released in largenumbersincontinuousaugmentativecontrolprogramsand insmallernumbersforlong-termself-replicationtosuppresspest species.Usingasimilarapproach,mosquitoesinfectedwithstrains