Scaling of Avian Primary Feather Length 英文参考文献.docVIP

ScalingofAvianPrimaryFeatherLength RobertL.Nudds1*,GaryW.Kaiser2,GarethJ.Dyke3 1Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, 2Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada, 3School of Biology and EnvironmentalScience,UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland Abstract Theevolutionoftheavianwinghaslongfascinatedbiologists,yetalmostnoworkincludesthelengthofprimaryfeathersin ) consideration of overall wing length variation. Here we show that the length of the longest primary feather (f contributing to overall wing length scales with negative allometry against total arm (ta=humerus+ulna+manus). The scalingexponentvariedslightly,althoughnotsignificantlyso,dependingonwhetheraspecieslevelanalysiswasusedor prim phylogeny was controlled for using independent contrasts: fprim!ta0:78-0:82. The scaling exponent was not significantly differentfromthatpredicted(0.86)byearlierwork.Itappearsthatthereisageneraltrendfortheprimaryfeathersofbirds tocontributeproportionallyless,andtaproportionallymore,tooverallwingspanasthisdimensionincreases.Wingspanin birdsisconstrainedclosetomass(M1/3)becauseofoptimisationforliftproduction,whichlimitsopportunitiesforexterior morphologicalchange.Withinthewing,variationsinunderlyingboneandfeatherlengthsneverthelessmay,inalteringthe jointpositions,permitarangeofdifferentflightstylesbyfacilitatingvariationinupstrokekinematics. Citation:NuddsRL,KaiserGW,DykeGJ(2011)ScalingofAvianPrimaryFeatherLength.PLoSONE6(2):e15665.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015665 Editor:AndrewFarke,RaymondM.AlfMuseumofPaleontology,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedAugust31,2010;AcceptedNovember18,2010;PublishedFebruary9,2011 Copyright: ? 2011 Nudds et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:Theauthorshavenosupportorfundingtoreport. CompetingInterests:Theauthorshave