Scientific Standards and the Regulation of Genetically Modified Insects 英文参考文献.docVIP

Viewpoints ScientificStandardsandtheRegulationofGenetically ModifiedInsects R.GuyReeves1*,JaiA.Denton1,FiammettaSantucci2,Jaros?awBryk1,FloydA.Reed1¤ 1DepartmentofEvolutionaryGenetics,MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryBiology,Plo¨n,Germany,2IndependentResearcher,Hamburg,Germany Experimental releases of genetically modified (GM) insects are reportedly Over the last 2 years there has been a dramatic increase in activities relating to the experimental release of GM insects into the environment. It is reported that commercially generated male GM mos- quitoes were experimentally released into populated areas in the Cayman Islands startinginNovember2009[1,2].Asmall- scale release of the same GM mosquitoes was granted approval to take place from December 2010 to January 2011 at two inhabited sites in Malaysia (Pahang and Melaka [3]); however, it was retrospec- tivelyannouncedthatonlyasinglerelease hadtakenplaceatanuninhabitedlocation (Bentong,Pahang).Alarge-scalereleaseof the same mosquitoes is reported to have startedintheBraziliancityofJuazeiroin February 2011 and will continue into 2012,resultingin thereleaseofatotalof more than 3 million mosquitoes ([4]; February 2011 was also the same month this manuscript was originally submitted forpeerreview).Other countriesthatare reported to be evaluating the release of GM insects include France [5,6], Guate- mala [7], India [8], Mexico [2], Panama [9],Philippines[10],Singapore[9],Thai- land[5],theUS[11],andVietnam[5].In September 2010, the European Food The first generation of GM insect technologies discussed here has been developed for use in sterile insect tech- nique (SIT) programs designed to sup- press insect populations that spread hu- man disease or are agricultural pests (see being evaluated in various countries, including Brazil, the Cayman Islands (United Kingdom), France, Guatemala, India,Malaysia,Mexico,Panama,Philip- pines, Singapore, Thailand, the United States of America, and Vietnam. GM mosquitoes (A